On my model the two hands were originally combined as a single object. I needed to separate them, so I split the meshes into two objects. The particle settings are a 1:1 copy (I duplicated the objects prior to splitting them into two), I’ve checked every parameter just to be sure nothing went wrong with the duplication.
The armature modifier is before the particle modifiers.
The hand on the left side has the correct hair particles (short and sparse, barely visible).
Yet for some reason the hand on the right (the one I split to a new object) is rendering much different.