So my problem is that when I try to mirror my object and apply the mirror modifier, I lose all the sculpting effects that I created in the object. Is there any other way to reflect the object without using the mirror modifier?
Remove mirror modifier
In edit mode duplicate your mesh (Shift+D)
Mirror this duplicate (either Ctrl+M or scale by -1. Ensure you scale/mirror from the centre line.
With the mirrored part still selected you will need to flip its normals (W / flip normals)
Now merge the center vertices by selecting all vertices and W / remove doubles