If it happens without any material, the problem is likely in the mesh. This means doing the common steps to clean a mesh.
Go in edit mode, select everything and do a “merge by distance” to clean any overlapping geometry. Then, recalculate the normals.
It could very well be overlapping faces, as Cycles is more sensitive to them than Eevee (which the material preview uses).
There was no problem with the mesh, it was fine, but as usual, I accidentally did something and fixed it without knowing how it happened
I don’t know what to do if it happens again.
I don’t recognize the UI, are you using an addon for materials? If yes, maybe it’s causing the problem?
Also, I don’t see the wheel selected in your images, so are you sure it’s the active object (the last one that was selected)? If nothing is selected, the material editor will remain on the last object that was directly selected, so you might be changing the material on the wrong object without noticing.

