Hi!
For starters, you can get vertex position of a selected object using the depsgraph.
Spreedsheet
Console
Code
import bpy
m = bpy.context.object.evaluated_get(bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()).to_mesh()
for v in range(0, len(m.vertices)):
print(str(v) + " | " + str(m.vertices[v].co))
Many of the other attribute values you see in the spreedsheet can also be found using the BPY modules.
For example Mesh attributes:
https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.types.Mesh.html
Curve attributes:
https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.types.Curve.html
PointCloud attributes:
https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.types.PointCloud.html
Volumetric [Grids]
https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.types.Volume.html
As can be seen in the Spreedsheet Editor.