You can do a Border Render (recently renamed to Render Region in 2.80 to match the more common term for it) to restrict the part of the image that gets computed to a rectangle you specify.
You can enable Border Render in the Lower left corner of the Dimensions sub-panel of the Render Properties in 2.79, or Render Region in the Output Properties in 2.80. Then in a camera view you can CTRL-B and draw the rectangle you want rendered, and then an F12 render image or CTRL-F12 render animation will only compute the specific area in each frame with the rest of each frame filled with transparency, which should be exactly what you need. You can also select the associated Crop option if you want the output frames to only consist of the rendered area rather than outputting the full frame sized images.